@article {673, title = {Chronic Recurrent Pseudophakic Endophthalmitis.}, journal = {JAMA Ophthalmol}, volume = {134}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Apr}, pages = {455-6}, keywords = {Aged, 80 and over, Chronic Disease, Combined Modality Therapy, Drug Therapy, Combination, Endophthalmitis, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous, Recurrence, Risk Assessment, Slit Lamp, Treatment Outcome, Vancomycin, Vitrectomy}, issn = {2168-6173}, doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3638}, author = {Chin, Eric K and Almeida, David R P and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {645, title = {COMBINED VITRECTOMY AND INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE (OZURDEX) SUSTAINED-RELEASE IMPLANT.}, journal = {Retina}, volume = {36}, year = {2016}, month = {2016 Nov}, pages = {2087-2092}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of combining intravitreal dexamethasone implantation (Ozurdex) with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on cases where Ozurdex injection was performed in the operating room in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy. Our primary outcome measure was the presence of surgical complications in the perioperative and 3-month postoperative window. We also measured visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and macular edema at baseline, one, and 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS: Fifteen eyes in 14 cases were reviewed. There were no complications intraoperatively or at 1-month postoperatively. Two patients (2 eyes) with prior retinal detachment developed proliferative vitreoretinopathy and redetachment at 3 months. Visual acuity improved in 7 of 15 eyes, and an average improvement of 2 lines was achieved for the entire cohort. There was no overall change in intraocular pressure although 1 patient developed an increase in intraocular pressure \>5 mmHg. Five of 9 patients with baseline macular edema experienced improvement or resolution at 3 months.

CONCLUSION: Intraoperative Ozurdex in combination with PPV may be safe and effective in treating macular edema caused by many different underlying diseases.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Combined Modality Therapy, Dexamethasone, Drug Implants, Female, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Intraocular Pressure, Intravitreal Injections, Macular Edema, Male, Middle Aged, Retinal Vein Occlusion, Retrospective Studies, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Uveitis, Posterior, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy, Wet Macular Degeneration}, issn = {1539-2864}, doi = {10.1097/IAE.0000000000001063}, author = {Zheng, Andrew and Chin, Eric K and Almeida, David R P and Tsang, Stephen H and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {701, title = {Macular Hole Closure With Internal Limiting Membrane Abrasion Technique.}, journal = {JAMA Ophthalmol}, volume = {133}, year = {2015}, month = {2015 Jun}, pages = {635-41}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: Internal limiting membrane (ILM) abrasion is an alternative surgical technique for successful full-thickness macular hole (MH) repair.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of ILM abrasion as an alternative method of MH repair.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective consecutive case series from January 2006 to December 2008. Demographic data and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative examination records of all patients were reviewed for patients who underwent ILM abrasion with a diamond-dusted membrane scraper during vitrectomy for MH repair. A total of 100 eyes underwent ILM abrasion as an alternative to traditional ILM peeling.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Rate of MH closure and visual acuity (VA) outcomes at 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS: Macular hole closure was achieved with a single surgical procedure in 94 of 100 eyes (94.0\%; 95\% CI, 87.4\%-97.8\%). Among all patients, the median preoperative VA was 20/100 (range, 20/30 to hand motions; 25th quartile, 20/60; and 75th quartile, 20/160), and the median postoperative VA at 3 months after surgery was 20/60 (range, 20/20 to hand motions; 25th quartile, 20/40; and 75th quartile, 20/100). Among all patients with stage 2 MHs, 30 of 38 patients (78.9\%) had at least 2 lines of VA gain: 15 of 23 (65.2\%) were phakic, and 15 of 15 (100\%) were pseudophakic. Four of 38 patients (10.5\%) with stage 2 MHs had at least 2 lines of VA loss, and all were phakic. Among all patients with stage 3 or 4 MHs, 42 of 62 (67.7\%) had at least 2 lines of VA gain, of which 30 of 38 (78.9\%) were phakic and 22 of 24 (91.7\%) were pseudophakic. Six of 62 patients (9.7\%) with stage 3 or 4 MHs had at least 2 lines of VA loss: 4 were phakic, and 2 were pseudophakic. In total, 35.0\% (95\% CI, 25.7\%-44.3\%) of patients achieved 20/40 vision or better, and 52.0\% (95\% CI, 42.2\%-61.8\%) of patients achieved 20/50 vision or better.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Abrasion of the ILM with a diamond-dusted membrane scraper at the time of vitrectomy achieves high rates of MH closure. This technique avoids complete removal of the retinal ILM basement membrane and subjacent tissues and appears to provide MH closure rates similar to those of traditional ILM peeling.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Basement Membrane, Endotamponade, Female, Fluorocarbons, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures, Prone Position, Retinal Perforations, Retrospective Studies, Sulfur Hexafluoride, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy}, issn = {2168-6173}, doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.204}, author = {Mahajan, Vinit B and Chin, Eric K and Tarantola, Ryan M and Almeida, David R P and Somani, Riz and Boldt, H Culver and Folk, James C and Gehrs, Karen M and Russell, Stephen R} } @article {693, title = {Proteomic insight into the molecular function of the vitreous.}, journal = {PLoS One}, volume = {10}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, pages = {e0127567}, abstract = {

The human vitreous contains primarily water, but also contains proteins which have yet to be fully characterized. To gain insight into the four vitreous substructures and their potential functions, we isolated and analyzed the vitreous protein profiles of three non-diseased human eyes. The four analyzed substructures were the anterior hyaloid, the vitreous cortex, the vitreous core, and the vitreous base. Proteins were separated by multidimensional liquid chromatography and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatics tools then extracted the expression profiles, signaling pathways, and interactomes unique to each tissue. From each substructure, a mean of 2,062 unique proteins were identified, with many being differentially expressed in a specific substructure: 278 proteins were unique to the anterior hyaloid, 322 to the vitreous cortex, 128 to the vitreous base, and 136 to the vitreous core. When the identified proteins were organized according to relevant functional pathways and networks, key patterns appeared. The blood coagulation pathway and extracellular matrix turnover networks were highly represented. Oxidative stress regulation and energy metabolism proteins were distributed throughout the vitreous. Immune functions were represented by high levels of immunoglobulin, the complement pathway, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial proteins. The majority of vitreous proteins detected were intracellular proteins, some of which originate from the retina, including rhodopsin (RHO), phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This comprehensive analysis uncovers a picture of the vitreous as a biologically active tissue, where proteins localize to distinct substructures to protect the intraocular tissues from infection, oxidative stress, and energy disequilibrium. It also reveals the retina as a potential source of inflammatory mediators. The vitreous proteome catalogues the dynamic interactions between the vitreous and surrounding tissues. It therefore could be an indirect and effective method for surveying vitreoretinal disease for specific biomarkers.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Eye Proteins, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proteome, Proteomics, Vitreous Body}, issn = {1932-6203}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127567}, author = {Skeie, Jessica M and Roybal, C Nathaniel and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {719, title = {Proteomic landscape of the human choroid-retinal pigment epithelial complex.}, journal = {JAMA Ophthalmol}, volume = {132}, year = {2014}, month = {2014 Nov}, pages = {1271-81}, abstract = {

IMPORTANCE: Differences in geographical protein expression in the human choroid-retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) complex may explain molecular predisposition of regions to ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the proteome of the human choroid-RPE complex and to identify differentially expressed proteins in specific anatomic regions.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Experimental study of choroid-RPE tissue from 3 nondiseased eyes. The choroid-RPE complex underwent biopsy from beneath the foveal, macular, and peripheral retina. Protein fractions were isolated and subjected to multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. A bioinformatic pipeline matched peptide spectra to the human proteome, assigned gene ontology classification, and identified protein signaling pathways unique to each of the choroid-RPE regions.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Mean number of mass spectra, statistically significant differentially expressed proteins, gene ontology classification, and pathway representation.

RESULTS: We identified a mean of 4403 unique proteins in each of the foveal, macular, and peripheral choroid-RPE tissues. Six hundred seventy-one differentially expressed proteins included previously known risk factors for retinal diseases related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and the complement cascade. Gene ontology analysis showed that unique categories in the foveal and macular regions included immune process proteins as well as protein complexes and plasma membrane proteins. The peripheral region contained unique antioxidant activity proteins. Many proteins had the highest expression in the foveal or macular regions, including inflammation-related proteins HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C antigens; intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1); S100; transcription factor ERG; antioxidant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1); chloride intracellular channel 6 ion (CLIC6); activators of the complement cascade C1q, C6, and C8; and complement factor H. Proteins with higher expression in the periphery included bestrophin 1 (BEST1), transcription factor RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39), inflammatory mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor, antioxidant SOD3, ion channel voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 3 (VDAC3), and complement inhibitor CD55. The complement activation was among the highest represented pathways (P < 7.5e-13).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This proteomic data set identifies novel molecular signatures in anatomically sensitive regions of the choroid-RPE complex. The findings give mechanistic insight into choroid-RPE function, reveal important choroid-RPE processes, and prioritize new pathways for therapeutic targeting.

}, keywords = {Aged, 80 and over, Choroid, Chromatography, Liquid, Computational Biology, Eye Proteins, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Gene Ontology, Humans, Male, Proteome, Proteomics, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Tandem Mass Spectrometry}, issn = {2168-6173}, doi = {10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.2065}, author = {Skeie, Jessica M and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {745, title = {Aflibercept therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration resistant to bevacizumab and ranibizumab.}, journal = {Am J Ophthalmol}, volume = {156}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jul}, pages = {15-22.e1}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome of intravitreal injection of aflibercept in cases with exudative age-related macular degeneration, (AMD) resistant to injections of bevacizumab or ranibizumab.

DESIGN: Retrospective observational case series.

METHODS: A retrospective chart review at a single institution was conducted to identify patients with exudative AMD and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in 1 or both eyes resistant to treatment with ranibizumab or bevacizumab who were switched to treatment with at least 3~monthly injections of aflibercept. In total, 36 eyes from 31 patients were included. The demographic data, visual acuities, central macular thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT), complications, and number of injections were reviewed.

RESULTS: The mean patient age was 79 years (range 60-88). There were 13 male and 18 female patients. The number of prior injections with either bevacizumab or ranibizumab ranged from 6-74. After 3~monthly injections of aflibercept, there was a reduction of either subretinal or intraretinal fluid in 18 of 36 (50.0\%) of the treated eyes; the amount of fluid remained stable in 15 eyes (41.7\%) and worsened in 3 eyes (8.3\%). A significant average decrease was observed for the central macular thickness after 3 injections of 65~μm (P~= 2.9~{\texttimes} 10(-6)), with no significant change in visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS: Aflibercept therapy appears to be beneficial in a subset of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who exhibit recurrent or resistant intraretinal or subretinal fluid following multiple injections with either bevacizumab or ranibizumab.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Bevacizumab, Drug Resistance, Drug Substitution, Exudates and Transudates, Female, Humans, Intravitreal Injections, Male, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Ranibizumab, Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Retina, Retreatment, Retrospective Studies, Subretinal Fluid, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Treatment Outcome, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Visual Acuity, Wet Macular Degeneration}, issn = {1879-1891}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajo.2013.02.017}, author = {Bakall, Benjamin and Folk, James C and Boldt, H Culver and Sohn, Elliott H and Stone, Edwin M and Russell, Stephen R and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {767, title = {Intraoperative sclerotomy-related retinal breaks during 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy.}, journal = {Retina}, volume = {33}, year = {2013}, month = {2013 Jan}, pages = {136-42}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: To study the incidence and characteristics of intraoperative sclerotomy-related retinal breaks encountered during 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy.

METHODS: A retrospective consecutive case series was assembled from the surgical logs and charts of patients who underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Demographic data and preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative records were examined.

RESULTS: A total 548 eyes met the inclusion criteria. Of them, 145 eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy for repair of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and 403 eyes for other indications. Sclerotomy-related retinal breaks were found in 8 of 548 (1.45\%) eyes. No breaks were found in the 145 RRD eyes. In non-RRD cases, 8 of 403 (1.98\%) eyes had sclerotomy-related breaks. All breaks were adjacent to the superior sclerotomies. The incidence of postoperative retinal detachment was 0\% (0 of 403) in the non-RRD group. In eyes with breaks, the primary surgical indication was vitreomacular traction in six of eight eyes and epiretinal membrane in two of eight eyes. Posterior vitreous detachment was absent in six of eight eyes, and six of eight eyes were phakic. Eyes with vitreomacular traction had a significantly higher incidence of breaks (P < 0.0001). Eyes with a surgical indication other than RRD had a higher incidence of breaks, but this was not statistically significant when compared with eyes with RRD (P = 0.087).

CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy (23-gauge) is associated with a low incidence of sclerotomy-related retinal breaks and postoperative retinal detachments. Eyes with breaks are more likely to be phakic and without a preoperative posterior vitreous detachment. The presence of vitreomacular traction may be a risk factor for the development of intraoperative sclerotomy-related breaks.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Intraoperative Complications, Male, Microsurgery, Middle Aged, Postoperative Complications, Retinal Detachment, Retinal Perforations, Retrospective Studies, Sclerostomy, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy}, issn = {1539-2864}, doi = {10.1097/IAE.0b013e31825e1d62}, author = {Tarantola, Ryan M and Tsui, Janet Y and Graff, Jordan M and Russell, Stephen R and Boldt, H Culver and Folk, James C and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {765, title = {Intravitreal bevacizumab for peripapillary choroidal neovascular membranes.}, journal = {Arch Ophthalmol}, volume = {130}, year = {2012}, month = {2012 Aug}, pages = {1073-5}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Bevacizumab, Choroidal Neovascularization, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Humans, Intravitreal Injections, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Retreatment, Subretinal Fluid, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Treatment Outcome, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Visual Acuity}, issn = {1538-3601}, doi = {10.1001/archophthalmol.2012.465}, author = {Davis, Andrew S and Folk, James C and Russell, Stephen R and Sohn, Elliott H and Sohn, Elliot H and Boldt, H Culver and Stone, Edwin M and Mahajan, Vinit B} } @article {781, title = {Automated discovery and quantification of image-based complex phenotypes: a twin study of drusen phenotypes in age-related macular degeneration.}, journal = {Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci}, volume = {52}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Nov 25}, pages = {9195-206}, abstract = {

PURPOSE: Determining the relationships between phenotype and genotype of many disorders can improve clinical diagnoses, identify disease mechanisms, and enhance therapy. Most genetic disorders result from interaction of many genes that obscure the discovery of such relationships. The hypothesis for this study was that image analysis has the potential to enable formalized discovery of new visible phenotypes. It was tested in twins affected with age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

METHODS: Fundus images from 43 monozygotic (MZ) and 32 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs with AMD were examined. First, soft and hard drusen were segmented. Then newly defined phenotypes were identified by using drusen distribution statistics that significantly separate MZ from DZ twins. The ACE model was used to identify the contributions of additive genetic (A), common environmental (C), and nonshared environmental (E) effects on drusen distribution phenotypes.

RESULTS: Four drusen distribution characteristics significantly separated MZ from DZ twin pairs. One encoded the quantity, and the remaining three encoded the spatial distribution of drusen, achieving a zygosity prediction accuracy of 76\%, 74\%, 68\%, and 68\%. Three of the four phenotypes had a 55\% to 77\% genetic effect in an AE model, and the fourth phenotype showed a nonshared environmental effect (E model).

CONCLUSIONS: Computational discovery of genetically determined features can reveal quantifiable AMD phenotypes that are genetically determined without explicitly linking them to specific genes. In addition, it can identify phenotypes that appear to result predominantly from environmental exposure. The approach is rapid and unbiased, suitable for large datasets, and can be used to reveal unknown phenotype-genotype relationships.

}, keywords = {Aged, 80 and over, Diseases in Twins, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genotype, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Phenotype, Registries, Retinal Drusen, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic}, issn = {1552-5783}, doi = {10.1167/iovs.10-6793}, author = {Quellec, Gw{\'e}nol{\'e} and Russell, Stephen R and Seddon, Johanna M and Reynolds, Robyn and Scheetz, Todd and Mahajan, Vinit B and Stone, Edwin M and Abr{\`a}moff, Michael D} } @article {137, title = {Bilateral intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy.}, journal = {Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)}, volume = {31}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jan}, pages = {31-5}, abstract = {

The purpose of this study was to review adverse events and patient preference after bilateral intravitreal injection of antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Case-Control Studies, Drug Administration Schedule, Drug Combinations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Injections, Intraocular, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Patient Preference, Retrospective Studies, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Vitreous Body}, author = {Mahajan, Vinit B and Elkins, Kori A and Russell, Stephen R and Boldt, H Culver and Gehrs, Karen M and Weingeist, Thomas A and Stone, Edwin M and Abr{\`a}moff, Michael D and Liu, Dawei and Folk, James C} } @article {783, title = {Uveitis following intravitreal bevacizumab: a non-infectious cluster.}, journal = {Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging}, volume = {42}, year = {2011}, month = {2011 Jul-Aug}, pages = {292-6}, abstract = {

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective case series, the authors report seven cases of bevacizumab-related uveitis that occurred within a 4-month period.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven eyes of six patients developed non-infectious uveitis following bevacizumab intravitreal injections in a cohort of 978 consecutive bevacizumab injections.

RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 74.6 years (range: 26 to 92). All patients developed symptom onset within 1 day of injection. Shared signs and symptoms included corneal edema, anterior chamber and vitreous cell, conjunctival injection, ocular pain, and lack of hypopyon. In all patients, visual acuity returned to within one line of baseline acuity. All seven eyes had been previously injected with bevacizumab, with a mean number of antecedent injections of 6.1 (range: 3 to 12).

CONCLUSION: A cluster of sterile bevacizumab-related uveitic reactions was described in this case series. Acute onset of symptoms, absence of hypopyon, a predominant anterior segment reaction, and prompt improvement on topical steroid therapy are useful clinical features distinguishing this uveitic syndrome from infectious endophthalmitis.

}, keywords = {Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Bevacizumab, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Intravitreal Injections, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Uveitis, Anterior, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Visual Acuity}, issn = {1938-2375}, doi = {10.3928/15428877-20110603-04}, author = {Kay, Christine N and Tarantola, Ryan M and Gehrs, Karen M and Folk, James C and Mahajan, Vinit B and Boldt, H Culver and Syed, Nasreen A and Russell, Stephen R} } @article {159, title = {Effects of vitrectomy on age-related macular degeneration.}, journal = {Ophthalmology}, volume = {117}, year = {2010}, month = {2010 Jul}, pages = {1381-6}, abstract = {

To determine whether vitrectomy alters the long-term progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Case-Control Studies, Choroidal Neovascularization, Disease Progression, Epiretinal Membrane, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Geographic Atrophy, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Retinal Perforations, Retrospective Studies, Visual Acuity, Vitrectomy}, author = {Roller, A Brock and Mahajan, Vinit B and Boldt, H Culver and Abr{\`a}moff, Michael D and Russell, Stephen R and Folk, James C} } @article {165, title = {T-cell infiltration in autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy.}, journal = {Molecular vision}, volume = {16}, year = {2010}, month = {2010}, pages = {1034-40}, abstract = {

Autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV) is a familial blinding disease of unknown pathophysiology. The eyes and sera from patients with ADNIV were studied to understand the immune response in this condition.

}, keywords = {Aged, 80 and over, Antigens, CD4, Antigens, CD8, Autoantibodies, B-Lymphocytes, Eye Diseases, Female, Genes, Dominant, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunologic Techniques, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Retina, Retinal Diseases, Staining and Labeling, T-Lymphocytes, Vitreous Body}, author = {Mahajan, Vinit B and Vallone, John G and Lin, Jonathan H and Mullins, Robert F and Ko, Audrey C and Folk, James C and Stone, Edwin M} } @article {175, title = {Estrogen receptor alpha and matrix metalloproteinase 2 polymorphisms and age-related maculopathy in older women.}, journal = {American journal of epidemiology}, volume = {167}, year = {2008}, month = {2008 May 15}, pages = {1217-25}, abstract = {

In this study, the authors sought to determine whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) genes are associated with age-related maculopathy (ARM) in older women. Subjects comprised a random sample of Caucasian women aged \> or =74 years participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures year 10 follow-up (n = 906) in 1997-1998. Fundus photographs were graded for ARM using a modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System. The prevalences of early ARM and late ARM were 46\% and 4\%, respectively. The MMP2 rs2287074 single nucleotide polymorphism (G--\>A) was associated with ARM. The A allele was present in 47\%, 43\%, and 30\% of subjects with no, early, and late ARM, respectively (p = 0.01), and was associated with lower odds of any ARM (for AG vs. GG, odds ratio = 0.80, 95\% confidence interval: 0.65, 0.99; for AA vs. GG, odds ratio = 0.64, 95\% confidence interval: 0.42, 0.98). An interaction with use of postmenopausal hormone therapy was significant (p = 0.02). The MMP2 rs2287074 A allele may be associated with a lower likelihood of ARM in older Caucasian women, particularly those who have never used hormone therapy. The role of MMP2 rs2287074 in ARM should be further elucidated.

}, keywords = {Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Confounding Factors (Epidemiology), Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Linkage, Genotype, Humans, Logistic Models, Macular Degeneration, Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Severity of Illness Index}, author = {Seitzman, Robin L and Mahajan, Vinit B and Mangione, Carol and Cauley, Jane A and Ensrud, Kristine E and Stone, Katie L and Cummings, Steven R and Hochberg, Marc C and Hillier, Teresa A and Sinsheimer, Janet S and Yu, Fei and Coleman, Anne L} }